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не or ни

Two particles, one letter apart. Не negates; ни reinforces a negation that is already there.

Quick answer

Не makes something negative: я не зна́ю. Ни intensifies inside an existing negation: я ничего́ не зна́ю.

The division of labour

ParticleJobExample
неnegates a word or a verbЯ не зна́ю.
ниreinforces, with не presentЯ ни о чём не зна́ю.
ни… ни…neither… nor…Ни я, ни он не зна́ем.
ни одного́not a single oneНи одного́ челове́ка.

The rule of thumb: ни almost never appears alone. If you have written ни, check that there is a не or a нет somewhere in the clause.

The stressed pairs

This is where it becomes visible. Не́кого (stressed не-) means “there is nobody to…”; никого́ (stressed ending) means “nobody” as an object. The same for не́чего / ничего́ and не́где / нигде́.

Мне не́кого спроси́ть.There is nobody I can ask.
Я никого́ не спроси́л.I didn’t ask anybody.
Мне не́чего де́лать.I have nothing to do.
Я ничего́ не де́лал.I didn’t do anything.

The fixed expressions

Ни ра́зу — not once. Ни в ко́ем слу́чае — on no account. Ни за что — not for anything. Ни пу́ха ни пера́ — good luck, literally “neither fluff nor feather”. And во что бы то ни ста́ло — whatever it takes, where the ни has no negative force at all.

Как ни стра́нно

In concessive clauses ни loses its negativity entirely: как ни стра́нно (strange as it may seem), кто бы ни пришёл (whoever comes), что бы ни случи́лось (whatever happens). These are not negatives — they are “no matter what” constructions.

Typical mistakes

Я ничего́ зна́ю.

Я ничего́ не зна́ю.

A ни- word requires не on the verb.

Мне никого́ спроси́ть.

Мне не́кого спроси́ть.

“There is nobody to ask” takes the stressed не́кого.

Check yourself

Which means “there is nobody to ask”?

The stressed не́- form.

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