Quick answer
Temperatures below zero are ми́нус: ми́нус два́дцать. Deep cold is моро́з, and it is a noun, not an adjective.
The weather
Clothes
What you do
Winter small talk
Наде́нь ша́пку
This is not small talk, it is a cultural reflex. Going outside bare-headed in a Russian winter invites comment from strangers, mothers and doctors alike.
Typical mistakes
Снег па́дает.
Идёт снег.
Snow and rain “go” in Russian.
Я хо́лодно.
Мне хо́лодно.
The person feeling cold takes the dative.
Check yourself
How do you say “it is snowing”?