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Sentences with no subject

A large part of everyday Russian has no subject at all — and the person goes into the dative.

Quick answer

Мне хо́лодно — “to me cold”. Feelings, weather, necessity and permission all work this way: dative + adverb, no subject, no “is”.

The four families

TypeExampleEnglish
feelingМне хо́лодно.I’m cold.
weatherСего́дня тепло́.It’s warm today.
necessityМне ну́жно идти́.I have to go.
permissionЗдесь нельзя́ кури́ть.Smoking isn’t allowed here.

ну́жно, на́до, мо́жно, нельзя́

Мне на́до рабо́тать.I have to work.
Мне ну́жен врач.I need a doctor. — ну́жен agrees with the thing needed
Мо́жно войти́?May I come in?
Здесь нельзя́ фотографи́ровать.Photography isn’t allowed here.

Note the difference: ну́жно + infinitive never changes, but ну́жен / нужна́ / ну́жно / нужны́ agrees with the noun you need.

Past and future

Add бы́ло or бу́дет: Мне бы́ло хо́лодно (I was cold), Мне бу́дет ну́жно (I will need to). The neuter form is used because there is no subject to agree with.

Typical mistakes

Я хо́лодно.

Мне хо́лодно.

The person takes the dative.

Мне ну́жно врач.

Мне ну́жен врач.

With a noun, ну́жен agrees with it.

Check yourself

How do you say “I have to go”?

Necessity takes the dative: мне ну́жно.

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