Quick answer
At a counter you name the amount in the accusative and the product in the genitive: три́ста гра́ммов сы́ра — three hundred grams of cheese.
Weight and volume
Length and space
Sizes
At the counter
Грамм or гра́ммов?
Both plural genitives are accepted in speech: сто грамм is what you will hear at the counter, сто гра́ммов is what the textbook prints. Use either.
Clothes sizes
Russian clothing sizes are roughly the European size, so a UK 10 is about a 44 and a US shoe 9 is about a 42. Shops often print the international letter as well, so разме́р M is understood everywhere.
Typical mistakes
три́ста гра́ммы сыр
три́ста гра́ммов сы́ра
Quantity plus genitive — both the unit and the product.
Э́то большо́й для меня́.
Э́то мне велико́.
Russian has special short forms for “too big”: велико́, мало́.
Check yourself
How do you ask for 300 g of cheese?