Quick answer
Я не понима́ю
ya ne ponimáyu — the single most useful sentence of your first month
The options
Не понима́ю or не по́нял?
Я не понима́ю means you are lost in general. Я не по́нял (man) or Я не поняла́ (woman) means you missed that one sentence — which is usually the more accurate thing to say.
What you hear back
Typical mistakes
Я не зна́ю — when you mean “I didn’t catch that”
Я не понима́ю.
знать is about facts, понима́ть about understanding.
Говори́те ме́дленно, пожа́луйста.
Говори́те ме́дленнее, пожа́луйста.
You want it *more* slowly — the comparative.
Check yourself
You missed one sentence. What fits best?