Quick answer
Three forms per country: Росси́я (the country), ру́сский (a Russian), по-ру́сски (in Russian). Where you are from: Я из Герма́нии — из + genitive.
Countries
People
Languages
In use
Nationalities are lower case
Countries are capitalised, nationalities and languages are not: Росси́я but ру́сский. The opposite of English.
Typical mistakes
Я говорю́ ру́сский.
Я говорю́ по-ру́сски.
With a verb of speaking, the language takes the по-…-и form.
Я из Герма́ния.
Я из Герма́нии.
из takes the genitive, and -ия becomes -ии.
Check yourself
Я говорю́ ___. — I speak Russian.